In this project the behavior of the Faraday cage as an insulator against an induced load, either by an effect of nature as lightning or lightning or power surges be considered. As we know the Faraday cage is a conductor of electric current and therefore theoretically there will be inside a magnetic field or electromagnetic wave in the same way there will be no magnetic field.
%% bare_jrnl.tex
%% V1.4a
%% 2014/09/17
%% by Michael Shell
%% see http://www.michaelshell.org/
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%% This is a skeleton file demonstrating the use of IEEEtran.cls
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%%*************************************************************************
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% *** MISC UTILITY PACKAGES ***
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% Heiko Oberdiek's ifpdf.sty is very useful if you need conditional
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\else
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% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/algorithmicx/
% *** ALIGNMENT PACKAGES ***
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% Frank Mittelbach's and David Carlisle's array.sty patches and improves
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% Do not attempt to use stfloats with fixltx2e as they are incompatible.
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%
% \usepackage{dblfloatfix}
% The latest version can be found at:
% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/dblfloatfix/
%\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
% \usepackage[nomarkers]{endfloat}
% \let\MYoriglatexcaption\caption
% \renewcommand{\caption}[2][\relax]{\MYoriglatexcaption[#2]{#2}}
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% endfloat.sty was written by James Darrell McCauley, Jeff Goldberg and
% Axel Sommerfeldt. This package may be useful when used in conjunction with
% IEEEtran.cls' captionsoff option. Some IEEE journals/societies require that
% submissions have lists of figures/tables at the end of the paper and that
% figures/tables without any captions are placed on a page by themselves at
% the end of the document. If needed, the draftcls IEEEtran class option or
% \CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch interface can be used to increase the line
% spacing as well. Be sure and use the nomarkers option of endfloat to
% prevent endfloat from "marking" where the figures would have been placed
% in the text. The two hack lines of code above are a slight modification of
% that suggested by in the endfloat docs (section 8.4.1) to ensure that
% the full captions always appear in the list of figures/tables - even if
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% IEEE papers do not typically make use of \caption[]'s optional argument,
% so this should not be an issue. A similar trick can be used to disable
% captions of packages such as subfig.sty that lack options to turn off
% the subcaptions:
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% \let\MYorigsubfloat\subfloat
% \renewcommand{\subfloat}[2][\relax]{\MYorigsubfloat[]{#2}}
% However, the above trick will not work if both optional arguments of
% the \subfloat command are used. Furthermore, there needs to be a
% description of each subfigure *somewhere* and endfloat does not add
% subfigure captions to its list of figures. Thus, the best approach is to
% avoid the use of subfigure captions (many IEEE journals avoid them anyway)
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% later in the document, say, to conditionally put the References on a
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%\usepackage{url}
% url.sty was written by Donald Arseneau. It provides better support for
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% There should be no need to do such things with IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later.
% (Unless specifically asked to do so by the journal or conference you plan
% to submit to, of course. )
% correct bad hyphenation here
\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor}
\begin{document}
%
% paper title
% Titles are generally capitalized except for words such as a, an, and, as,
% at, but, by, for, in, nor, of, on, or, the, to and up, which are usually
% not capitalized unless they are the first or last word of the title.
% Linebreaks \\ can be used within to get better formatting as desired.
% Do not put math or special symbols in the title.
\title{Proyecto: Jaula de Faraday}
%
%
% author names and IEEE memberships
% note positions of commas and nonbreaking spaces ( ~ ) LaTeX will not break
% a structure at a ~ so this keeps an author's name from being broken across
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% use \thanks{} to gain access to the first footnote area
% a separate \thanks must be used for each paragraph as LaTeX2e's \thanks
% was not built to handle multiple paragraphs
%
\author{Licenciatura en Física \\
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa\\
Profesora: Hidalgo Tobon Silvia Sandra \\
Integrantes: Cerón García Edgar Eduardo,~\IEEEmembership{2152013371}\\
Julián Salgado Pedro Jesús,~\IEEEmembership{2153011639}
% <-this % stops a space
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%
% a space would be appended to the last name and could cause every name on that
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% this is a minor point as most people would not even notice if the said evil
% space somehow managed to creep in.
% The paper headers
\markboth{Electricidad y Magnetismo Elemental I}%
{Shell \MakeLowercase{\textit{et al.}}: Bare Demo of IEEEtran.cls for Journals}
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% after the title page when using the twoside option.
%
% *** Note that you probably will NOT want to include the author's ***
% *** name in the headers of peer review papers. ***
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% you desire.
% If you want to put a publisher's ID mark on the page you can do it like
% this:
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%\IEEEspecialpapernotice{(Invited Paper)}
% make the title area
\maketitle
% As a general rule, do not put math, special symbols or citations
% in the abstract or keywords.
\begin{abstract}
-In this project the behavior of the Faraday cage as an insulator against an induced load, either by an effect of nature as lightning or lightning or power surges be considered. As we know the Faraday cage is a conductor of electric current and therefore theoretically there will be inside a magnetic field or electromagnetic wave in the same way there will be no magnetic field.
\end{abstract}
% Note that keywords are not normally used for peerreview papers.
\begin{IEEEkeywords}
Jaula de Faraday, Campo eléctrico, Campo magnético
\end{IEEEkeywords}
% For peer review papers, you can put extra information on the cover
% page as needed:
% \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
% \begin{center} \bfseries EDICS Category: 3-BBND \end{center}
% \fi
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\section{INTRODUCCIÓN}
% The very first letter is a 2 line initial drop letter followed
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%
% form to use if the first word consists of a single letter:
% \IEEEPARstart{A}{demo} file is ....
%
% form to use if you need the single drop letter followed by
% normal text (unknown if ever used by IEEE):
% \IEEEPARstart{A}{}demo file is ....
%
% Some journals put the first two words in caps:
% \IEEEPARstart{T}{his demo} file is ....
%
% Here we have the typical use of a "T" for an initial drop letter
% and "HIS" in caps to complete the first word.
\IEEEPARstart {U}na jaula de Faraday es una caja metálica que protege de los campos eléctricos estáticos. Debe su nombre al físico Michael Faraday, que construyó una en 1836. Se emplean para proteger de descargas eléctricas, ya que en su interior el campo eléctrico es nulo.\\
El funcionamiento de la jaula de Farday se basa en las propiedades de un conductor en equilibrio electrostático. Cuando la caja metálica se coloca en presencia de un campo eléctrico externo, las cargas positivas se quedan en las posiciones de la red; los electrones, sin embargo, que en un metal son libres, empiezan a moverse puesto que sobre ellos actúa una fuerza dada por:
\begin{equation}
\vec{F} = e \vec{E}_{ext}
\end{equation}
Donde e es la carga del electrón. Como la carga del electrón es negativa, los electrones se mueven en sentido contrario al campo eléctrico y, aunque la carga total del conductor es cero, uno de los lados de la caja (en el que se acumulan los electrones) se queda con un exceso de carga negativa, mientras que el otro lado queda con un defecto de electrones (carga positiva). Este desplazamiento de las cargas hace que en el interior de la caja se cree un campo eléctrico (representado en rojo en la siguiente animación) de sentido contrario al campo externo, representado en azul.\\
Como en el interior de la caja no hay campo, ninguna carga puede atravesarla; por ello se emplea para proteger dispositivos de cargas eléctricas. El fenómeno se denomina apantallamiento eléctrico.\\
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.42\textwidth]{Fig2_Sketch_FaradayCage_Fields.jpg}
\caption{\ Campo magnético dentro de la jaula
}
\end{figure}
Muchos dispositivos que empleamos en nuestra vida cotidiana están provistos de una jaula de Faraday: los microondas, escáneres, cables, etc. Otros dispositivos, sin estar provistos de una jaula de Faraday actúan como tal: los ascensores, los coches, los aviones, etc. Por esta razón se recomienda permanecer en el interior del coche durante una tormenta eléctrica: su carrocería metálica actúa como una jaula de Faraday.
% You must have at least 2 lines in the paragraph with the drop letter
% (should never be an issue)
\hfill
% needed in second column of first page if using \IEEEpubid
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% Note that IEEEtran v1.7 and later has special internal code that
% is designed to preserve the operation of \label within \caption
% even when the captionsoff option is in effect. However, because
% of issues like this, it may be the safest practice to put all your
% \label just after \caption rather than within \caption{}.
%
% Reminder: the "draftcls" or "draftclsnofoot", not "draft", class
% option should be used if it is desired that the figures are to be
% displayed while in draft mode.
%
%\begin{figure}[!t]
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{myfigure}
% where an .eps filename suffix will be assumed under latex,
% and a .pdf suffix will be assumed for pdflatex; or what has been declared
% via \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
%\caption{Simulation results for the network.}
%\label{fig_sim}
%\end{figure}
% Note that IEEE typically puts floats only at the top, even when this
% results in a large percentage of a column being occupied by floats.
% An example of a double column floating figure using two subfigures.
% (The subfig.sty package must be loaded for this to work.)
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% and the \label for the overall figure must come after \caption.
% \hfil is used as a separator to get equal spacing.
% Watch out that the combined width of all the subfigures on a
% line do not exceed the text width or a line break will occur.
%
%\begin{figure*}[!t]
%\centering
%\subfloat[Case I]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{box}%
%\label{fig_first_case}}
%\hfil
%\subfloat[Case II]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{box}%
%\label{fig_second_case}}
%\caption{Simulation results for the network.}
%\label{fig_sim}
%\end{figure*}
%
% Note that often IEEE papers with subfigures do not employ subfigure
% captions (using the optional argument to \subfloat[]), but instead will
% reference/describe all of them (a), (b), etc., within the main caption.
% Be aware that for subfig.sty to generate the (a), (b), etc., subfigure
% labels, the optional argument to \subfloat must be present. If a
% subcaption is not desired, just leave its contents blank,
% e.g., \subfloat[].
% An example of a floating table. Note that, for IEEE style tables, the
% \caption command should come BEFORE the table and, given that table
% captions serve much like titles, are usually capitalized except for words
% such as a, an, and, as, at, but, by, for, in, nor, of, on, or, the, to
% and up, which are usually not capitalized unless they are the first or
% last word of the caption. Table text will default to \footnotesize as
% IEEE normally uses this smaller font for tables.
% The \label must come after \caption as always.
%
%\begin{table}[!t]
%% increase table row spacing, adjust to taste
%\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
% if using array.sty, it might be a good idea to tweak the value of
% \extrarowheight as needed to properly center the text within the cells
%\caption{An Example of a Table}
%\label{table_example}
%\centering
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%% than the plain LaTeX2e tabular which is used here.
%\begin{tabular}{|c||c|}
%\hline
%One & Two\\
%\hline
%Three & Four\\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\end{table}
% Note that the IEEE does not put floats in the very first column
% - or typically anywhere on the first page for that matter. Also,
% in-text middle ("here") positioning is typically not used, but it
% is allowed and encouraged for Computer Society conferences (but
% not Computer Society journals). Most IEEE journals/conferences use
% top floats exclusively.
% Note that, LaTeX2e, unlike IEEE journals/conferences, places
% footnotes above bottom floats. This can be corrected via the
% \fnbelowfloat command of the stfloats package.
\section{ OBJETIVOS}
Comprobar que la jaula de Faraday impida que exista en su interior cualquier campo magnético, eléctrico e incluso electromagnético almacenandolo en su superficie.
% if have a single appendix:
%\appendix[Proof of the Zonklar Equations]
% or
%\appendix % for no appendix heading
% do not use \section anymore after \appendix, only \section*
% is possibly needed
% use appendices with more than one appendix
% then use \section to start each appendix
% you must declare a \section before using any
% \subsection or using \label (\appendices by itself
% starts a section numbered zero.)
%
\section{ MATERIALES}
\begin{itemize}
\item Jaula de Faraday(cilindrica).
\item Radio portatil.
\item Sensor electronico de campo magnetico.
\item Computadora.
\end{itemize}
\section{DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL}
Se utilizo una jaula hecha de malla de metal, la cual es considerablemente gruesa. Dicha jaula tiene un diámetro de 36 cm, y de 45 cm de altura, a dicha jaula se le pudo medir el campo magnetico dentro de ella on la ayuda de un sensor que es capaz de medir campo magnetico y así mismo con la ayuda de un software que registro las mediciones hechas en mili-Teslas. Recordemos que el campo magnético tiene unidades de Tesla
\begin{eqnarray*}
1 T = 1 \frac{Wb}{m^2} = 1 \frac{kg}{s^2 A}
\end{eqnarray*}
Dichas unidades fueron nombradas por el inventor Nikola Tesla (1856-1943). Realizando diversas mediciones con el sensor y a su vez colocando un radio de mano o pequeño dentro de ella para comprobar si existia campo electromagnético dentro de ella.
\section{ RESULTADOS}
Al momento de hacer las medicones correspondientes no encontramos que el campo magnético dentro de la jaula es casi cero, esto es, dicho campo magnético es casi imposible de evadir ya que en la actualidad estamos rodeados de instalaciones elétricas y por ende la corriente eléctrica que circula dentro de los conductores crea un campo magnético.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Gr_fica_Campo_Magnetico.png}
\caption{\ Gráfica del Campo Magnético
}
\end{figure}
En la gráfica presentada podemos observar que la curva de arriba es medida con una amplificación del orden de 10 veces, el cual las variaciones de la gráfica son por el hecho de mantener el sensor en el centro de la jaula.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Campo_Grande.png}
\caption{\ Magnitud amplificada X10
}
\end{figure}
En la sgunda curva que se presenta en la gráfica se puede obaservar que disminuye la magnitud de campo magnético, esto es, por que se midio con una amplificación del 200 veces y así nos permitió observar que el campo dentro de la jaula es casi cero.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{Campo_Peque_o.png}
\caption{\ Amplitud Amplificada X200
}
\end{figure}
Teóricamente el campo magnético dentro de la jaula debería ser cero pero por las condiciones actuales dentro de los laboratorios en los cuales hay una cantidad de instalaciones elétricas considerables lo cual contribuye a que el campo magnético sea persibible dentro de la jaula.\\
De igual forma se realizo una prueba para las ondas electromagnéticas, la cual consiste en colocar un radio portátil encendido dentro de la jaula. Dicho radio tenia una frecuencia de 92.1 Mhz de Frecuencia Modulada (FM) la cual perdió contacto con el aparato al momento de estar dentro de la jaula. De igual forma se metio dentro de la jaula un teléfono celular y se realizo una llamada a dicho celular el cual la recibió dentro de la jaula, recordemos que la frecuencia de los teléfonos celulares es de 850 Mhz a 1900 Mhz, dicha frecuencia es mucho más grande que la frecuencia de radio.
\section{ CONCLUSIONES}
Concluimos que la jaula de Faraday es un conductor que puede ser util, en este caso se midió campo magnético pero tambien puede servir cómo protección contra tormentas eléctricas ya que un auto del que esta hecho de metal tiene la función de una jaula de faday y asi puede almacenar la carga de un rayo en su carroceria pero no ingresar dentro de ella.\\
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\section{ REFERENCIAS}
\begin{itemize}
\item Resnick-Halliday. "Física Vol. 2, 5$^{ta}$ Edición, Editorial CECSA, México, 2005".
\item Sears-Zemansky. "Física universitaria Vol. 2, 12$^{va}$ Edición, Editorial Pearson, México, 2009".
\end{itemize}
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