Las observaciones han mostrado que el numero de neutrinos electrónicos νe que llegan a la tierra desde el sol es aproximadamente la mitad del número esperado de nuestro conocimiento de las reacciones nucleares que ocurren al interior del sol. Estas observaciones se explican como el resultado de que algunos neutrinos electrónicos νe se convierten en neutrinos muónicos νμ y neutrinos tauónicos ντ durante su recorrido entre su creación al interior del sol y su observación en la tierra. Este cambio de un sabor a otro se conoce como oscilaciónes del neutrino. Se introduce un término de masa para el neutrino que es invariante de Lorentz en la densidad lagrangiana del modelo estándar (SM), y se describe el estado del neutrino |να⟩(α = e, μ, τ) como una combinación lineal de autoestados de masa |νi⟩ (i=1,2,3), lo cual conduce a las oscilaciones del neutrino.
Distributed system is a collection of independent systems which can communicate with each other by transferring massages. There are some major issues in distributed systems but we focus in this paper on fault tolerance. It is the system’s ability to work in the condition when there occur any type of some fault in the system, like failure in communication, hardware or resources. It is a very important issue in distributed system, in this paper we present a survey of different types of fault tolerance techniques and their comparison.
Web security issues remain a major challenge with numerous security concerns, Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDos) leads among these. It was evolved from DOS and its main purpose is to consume large amount of server resources so that the server cannot provide service to normal users. Attackers usually gain access to large number of computers by exploiting the vulnerabilities to set up attack armies (i.e., Botnets). This paper will review and analyse different existing DDoS detecting techniques against different parameters, and propose a new hybrid architecture for the defence mechanism of DDoS attack.
Gomoku is an abstract strategy board game, also called Omok or Five in a Row. This paper explains the implementation of an AI with minimax alpha-beta search with a sequences pattern recognition.